20 Questions and 20 Answers You Should Know About Origins and Evolution of Universal Systems
(2008)
Alexander Alan Scarborough
202 View Pointe Lane, LaGrange, Georgia 30241; dubuissonk@bellsouth.net
20 questions about our universe are posed, and 20 definitive answers are presented in accordance with the new LB/FLINE model. Some items discussed include: what we know and don’t know, and may never know; the intimate connection between E=mc² and all universal spheres; and the role of black holes. The conclusion is drawn that the answers can replace many things that are utilized in the Big Bang concept that do not seem to be definitive, provable or believable.
A few simple Tests to Evaluate ‘Rhysmonic Cosmology’ Concepts, as Proposed by Gregory Hodowanec in 1985
(2008)
Bill Ramsay
(in absentia)
109 Laura Ave., Clifton, CO 81502
A brief review of ‘Rhysmonic Cosmology’ is provided; more descriptive information is available on internet. Those concepts were built upon basic concepts of substratum particles called “rhysmons” which have only size, shape, position and structure. The word “rhysmon” stems from the Greek word designating atom, “rhysmos”, which meant ‘evermoving’. Rhysmons provide the elementary quantum of action, and in turn, intertwine in a matrix structure to form the vacuum. That structure is said to explain forces or fields, particles or mass, charge, and other phenomena such as the constant velocity of light, superluminal motion and galaxy formations. Some simple tests by this author may provide a little confirmation -- but much more experimental work remains to be done. This paper is “in absentia”; but some tapes of the author’s experimental audio test results will be available at the 2008 conference in Albuquerque, NM
A Galilean Multiverse? A Simple Physical Model of a Fractal Cosmos
(2008)
Dr. Harry A. Schmitz
18 Pequot Ave, Port Washington, NY 11050 United States; haschmitz@fractalcosmos.com http://www.fractalcosmos.com
A new model of a cosmos with hierarchical Universes depends on the existence of three-dimensional (3D) standing wave (SW) patterns of various ranks. Various aspects of this model are explored, both qualitatively and quantita-tively, using simple geometries and simple physical concepts. The number of particles in our Universe is shown to equal the square of the ratio between the radius of the Universe and the effective radius of a particle. It is shown that a series of Universes terminates with our visible Universe.
A New Definition of Parallelism
(2007)
Mr. John-Erik Persson
Fastlagsvagen 2, Stockholm, s-12648 Sweden; mail0110261847@yahoo.com www.geocities.com/johnerikpersson
The fifth postulate of Euclid, the parallel postulate, was formulated in 300 B C, and is still not proved as a theorem although many have tried to do that. The reason for this is NOT to be found in tha postulate per se but in the definition of paralletism. The most common definition states that PARALLEL LINES NEVER MEET. It will be demonstrated here that why this definition is WRONG and why parallelism is hard to define.
A Particular Property of Lorentz’s Equations
(2008)
António José Saraiva
R. Lar S. Jose, 14, Ilhavo, 3830-164 Portugal; ajps2@hotmail.com http://relativity.no.comunidades.net/index.php
In Lorentz equations the variables x and t are not space and time but wavelength and period of a wave, because the invariance value, that in relativity theory is a variable, is a constant in all universe.
A Question of Relativity
(2008)
Dr. Ian McCausland
2111 Lakeshore Blvd. W, Toronto, Ontario M8V 4B2 Canada; imccausland@sympatico.ca
Aperion, V15, N2, 156-168 (Apr 2008). Professor Herbert Dingle was a long-time critic of the special
theory of relativity, who believed for many years that the
theory was self-contradictory. Although he was unsuccessful
in persuading the scientific world of the inconsistency of the
theory, his questions and arguments were not satisfactorily
answered during his life. Now, thirty years after his death, the
subject is of historical interest. This paper examines two main
problems that have contributed to the confusion that still
surrounds this issue. The first problem is the fact that some
scientists answered Dingle’s Question, which is explicitly
about the special theory, by invoking the general theory. It is
argued that, if there is a valid answer to Dingle’s Question, it
would have been valid if the same question had been asked in
1905 before the general theory appeared. The second problem
is that many scientists have claimed that Dingle’s thesis has
been refuted by experiment, although experimental results
cannot disprove the existence of an internal contradiction. An
answer to Dingle’s Question is still wanting.
A Space Generation Formulation of Biological Processes
(1999)
Roger Y. Gouin
United Kingdom; http://www.rgouin.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/roger.html
A previous exploratory study reviewed works by Everett, Feynman and others dealing with the nature of
the quantum in light of an hypothesis by Bruno, Leibniz and Einstein about the origin of space. A common
thread was identified within that line of thought, allowing to discern an alternate conceptual approach for
the problem of the elements making up our reality. The obtained formulation on the relation between the
quantum and space was found to have verifiable consequences in Particle Physics and Astrophysics. In the
present study a third field is identified for the purpose of verification, the Life Sciences. Physical
hypotheses advanced in that field are first reviewed. From there an hypothetical process originally designed
by Penrose to effect a quantum mind is replaced by a space generation process where a local space
manifold structure is generated by the quantum, a key concept identified in the earlier study about the
origin of space. An organizing principle based on this concept is then found to apply to biological systems
in general and nervous systems in particular. Through the envisioned phenomenon of quantum space
generation (1) the classical approach to embryo development followed by Turing, Wolpert and Kauffman
may be augmented, or in some cases replaced, by an approach involving non-local quantum effects, and (2)
known biomolecular structures may be able to support an infinite computational process via non-local
quantum cellular automata. Several experiments in embryo development are suggested to confirm the
validity of the approach. A formal dynamical analysis based on previous work about quantum computation
provides part of the theoretical basis for the physical processes involved, while Everett’s formulation of the
quantum, as clarified by the earlier study, is found necessary to properly evaluate their physical and
computational characteristics. However, a complete formalism suitable for the envisioned quantumgenerated
local space structures cannot be provided within the confines of this review due to the intrinsic
novelty of their elements for Mathematical Analysis. Additional theoretical work is also required to
formalize the kind of computational processes identified. This study and the earlier one on the origin of
space are examples of a priori conceptual searches. An overall conclusion then addresses the nature of a
scientific quest, with arguments presented against the approach of logical positivism with its emphasis on
formal methods, and in favor of first seeking conceptual understandings regardless of the availability of a
corresponding formalism.
A Third Alternative to the Generation of Energy by Fission and Fusion
(2008)
Robert J. Heaston
220 Arlington Avenue, Naperville, IL 60565; robert@drheaston.com
John Archibald Wheeler, one of the three co-authors of Gravitation, probably wrote in 1973 the last words in the text that said “Gravitational collapse is . . . the greatest crisis of physics of all time.” Wheeler was referring to the prediction by Einstein that matter ultimately collapses to a singularity and the breakdown of physical laws. Reconstruction of the Einstein derivation of his field equations of general relativity indicates a new interpretation that resolves the gravitational collapse crisis. Matter does not collapse to a singularity. The collapse of matter under the gravitational force reaches a finite limit that exhibits all the attributes of a phase change where any matter is converted into energy. This phase change is a third alternative to fission and fusion for the conversion of matter to energy. Six different characteristics have been defined for the onset of this phase change. Two of the six are the superforce and the Planck scale, which the standard model predicts as the point of convergence of the four fundamental forces, which include gravitation. The ferocity of nuclear explosions and the catastrophic nature of supernova could both be due to the release of the superforce in the transition of mass to energy. Big bang theory, inflation theory, models of black holes, and string theory are all impacted by resolution of Wheeler’s crisis. The 21st century physics paradigm would be drastically changed if matter collapses to energy rather than a singularity. TOPIC AREA: Gravity or Energy.
A Unified Theory of Physics from a Newly Discovered Radiation Entropy Law
(2004)
Sven Ingvar Astrand
Sarpsborgsv. 15, Sodertalje, Sweden; unitheory@hotmail.com http://www.theuniphysics.info
This report demonstrates my discovery from 1992 of an entropy law that solves the modern physics' problems and replaces its ad hoc hypotheses by facts and insights from experiments. This awaited unified physics theory is derived from observation of Supernova 1987A, when shock-waves of light expanded in increasing wavelengths, like dilating rings on a pond's surface. I have compared the waves' symmetry of extending lengths with their covered distances and derived a new entropy law formula. As energy in waves of water and light behaves comparable, the size of the galaxies' redshifted spectral-lines can consequently be computed by Hubble's as Doppler-measured velocity/distance-parameter brought into my entropy equation for wave-displacement/distance that reveals a surprising famous but misinterpreted constant, that is the definition of the ENTROPY-CONSTANT that proves that energy is neither quantified or discrete, and reveals the cause and size of THE REDSHIFTS/DISTANCE RATIO: The big bang belief and the quantum question is hereby disproved! Even Pound-Rebka gravitation interpretation of frequency-shift has the true foundation and entropy explanation by this fractional wave dissipation that also explains the "anomalous acceleration" of the space-probes Pioneer 10/11. This simple entropy principle also shows, by integrating Stefan-Boltzmann law and Wien displacement law, that we don't need help hypotheses like black holes to explain "quasars" that are just virtual images of very distant galaxies. The quasars' enormous energies, as it appears by our observations, are explained by the dissipating short-wave emissions that are elongated as redshifted proportional to the distance by the fourth power of the temperature-radiation's difference that is interpreted as z. Entropy dissipates energy towards equilibrium in the universe's supra leading low temperatures, and so causes the microwave radiation. My unifying theory implies the right relativistic transformation that accurate and logical allow addition of the observer's and the light's velocities without limitation of any asymptotic equation. It also explains the misinterpretation of the galaxies' rotation velocities that has led to the dark matter hypothesis. (This abstract is corrected and simplified -- a little -- afterwards).
About an Anomaly that Breaks Relativity
(2008)
Helmut Hansen
(in absentia)
GERMANY; helmuthansen@gmx.de
The first step in scientific revolution or paradigm shift is the awareness of the existence of an anomaly. That means to see clearly that a specific fact cannot be explained by a universally accepted paradigm. Although relativity - one of the most driving paradigms of contemporary physics - is working efficiently in the most cases but there is one fact, which cannot be explained by it. This fact concerns a specific coincidence. Physicists have observed that the local inertial compass coincides with the frame of the most distant galax-ies and quasars within the present measurement accuracy of 2.5 x 10-4 arcsec/year. In modern physics Machs Principle is the hypothesis most favoured to explain this fact. It maintains that the local inertial compass, f.e. Foucaults pendulum, is determined by all the masses in the Universe in such a way that the measured coincidence is given. As Machs Principle implies that not only gravity but all physics shall be formulated without any reference to an all-pervasive background like an ether, it is physically considered as the climax of relativity. But Machs Principle could never be formulated in a precise way. The above-mentioned coincidence is still unexplained. But it is not yet epistemologically recognized as an anomaly that breaks the relativistic paradigm. In this paper an argument is presented that could change the epistemological status of this fact tremendously. Actually this fact can be explained as the signature of an omnipresent and invisible entity.
Absolute and Relative Speeds of Light
(2008)
Dr. Janusz D. Laski
(in absentia)
Sanocka 11/65, 30-620 Krakow, POLAND; laski@autocom.pl
It is shown that in particular case of photons, the Lorentz transform formulae for distance and time are simpler and take the same form as that of - corrected for relativity - Doppler formulae for the length and period of the wave. It means that considering light as particles and using Lorentz transform we obtained an unexpected result indicating that light is an electromagnetic wave which obeys the Doppler formulae. According to Doppler the length and period of the wave are relative and transform in such a way that their ratio does not change. The Doppler formulae show that the phase speed of the wave defined as the ratio of the length of the wave to its period is absolute. Should light be considered as a wave then the second Einstein postulate would automatically be given by Doppler formulae whether corrected for relativity or not. Light considered as a wave would have at least two speeds: the absolute phase speed and the relative speed of the wave front. Particles (photons) do not have two different speeds but the waves do. Instead of considering the light as photons and introducing the second Einstein postulate, we propose to accept the idea of particle-wave duality of light. In the case of waves it would automatically assure the existence of the absolute phase speed and would provide the relative speed of the light wave front. It is argued that introducing corrections for relativity into the Doppler formulae for electromagnetic waves we should also correct Doppler formulae for elastic waves. Otherwise the first Einstein postulate is violated.
Aether Theory Clock Retardation vs. Relativity Theory Time Dilation1
(2008)
Joseph Levy
4 Square Anatole France, 91250, St Germain les Corbeil, France; levy.joseph@orange.fr
Assuming a model of aether non-entrained by translational motion, one can provide a rational explanation of the experimental processes affecting the measurement of time when clocks are in motion. Contrary to special relativity, aether theory does not assume that the time itself is affected by motion; the reading displayed by the moving clocks results from two facts: 1/ Due to their movement through the aether, they tick at a slower rate than in the aether frame. 2/ The usual synchronization procedures generate a synchronism discrepancy effect. These facts give rise to an alteration of the measurement of time which, as we shall show, exactly explains the experimental results. When the measurement distortions are corrected, the time proves to be the same in all co-ordinate systems moving away from one another with rectilinear uniform motion. These considerations strongly support the existence of a privileged aether frame. The consequences concern special relativity (SR) as well as general relativity (GR) which is an extension of SR. We should note that Einstein himself became conscious of the necessity of the aether from 1916, in contradiction with conventional relativity. Yet the model of aether presented here differs from Einsein’s in that it assumes the existence of an aether drift, in agreement with the discoveries of G.F. Smoot and his co-workers listed in Smoot’s Nobel Lecture, December 8th 2006. Although it makes reference to previous studies, this text remains self sufficient.
An Equation for G
(2008)
Robert James de Hilster
1360 Redondo Ave #105, Long Beach, CA 90804 United States; bobdehilster@yahoo.com
The comparative results of the graviton equation to Newton’s gravity equation show that the force curves and
gravitational acceleration curves are similar but different. In an attempt to understand how they could be similar, a
special case is developed that explains how this was possible. In the process, an equation for the gravitation
constant G was developed. These calculations from the graviton equation have shown that G in fact may be a
curve and not a constant. However, in extreme cases, the equation for G is may be either invalid or not needed at
all. But it may also help determine if the graviton is the cause of gravity.
An Experimental Disproof of Special Relativity Theory (Unipolar Induction)
(2003)
Francisco J. Müller
Miami, FL 33144 United States; fjmuller@bellsouth.net
Here is an experiment that invalidates Relativistic Electrodynamics. To facilitate understanding it will be presented in two parts, each one in turn subdivided into a rotational case and a translational one.
Anomalies in the History of Relativity
(1999)
Dr. Ian McCausland
2111 Lakeshore Blvd. West, Toronto, Ontario M8V 4B2 Canada; 103100.1220@compuserve.com
In November 1919 it was announced to the world that observations
of a solar eclipse that occurred in May 1919 supported Albert Einstein’s
general theory of relativity. That announcement was one of the most influential
events of 20th-century science, since Einstein’s instant rise to enormous
fame arose directly from it. In spite of the confidence with which the announcement was made, however, it was later realized that the accuracy of the
observations was insufficient to constitute a reliable confirmation of the phenomenon that was predicted. Furthermore, another of the formulas published
in the general theory, for the variation in the perihelion of the planet Mercury, had already been derived by another scientist several years earlier using another method. In spite of the fact that the experimental evidence for relativity seems to have been very flimsy in 1919, Einstein’s enormous fame has remained intact and his theory has ever since been held to be one of the highest achievements of human thought. The resulting deification of Einstein has had some unfortunate effects: critics of his theory are often dismissed as cranks, and the search for better theories has been inhibited. It is suggested that the announcement of the eclipse observations in 1919 was not a triumph of science as it is often portrayed, but rather an obstacle to objective consideration of alternatives.
Ballistic Explorations For Relativity
(2008)
S. S. Savarkar
(in absentia)
18, Walchand Terraces,Mumbai-400034 (INDIA); sssavarkar @ gmail.com
Following in the footsteps of Newton in the author’s science-play The Catherine Conspiracy: or The Honest Relativity, it is seen that, apart from a single constant required to be fixed from the empirical experience, Lorentz’s length-contraction and clock-retardation postulates follow deductively and uniquely from the single Postulate of ‘Relativity’ alone. Newton’s path to the Gulliveresque relativity for inertial motion, involving only shooting of revolving shells, shows, from simple readily visualisable experiments and elementary considerations, the necessity of a ‘velocity-twist effect’ that is scarcely known.
Bi-Directional Wavelength in Moving Systems
(2008)
Steven Bryant
Primitive Logic, Inc, 704 Sansome Street, San Francisco CA
Wavelength is generally accepted as the total length of one cycle of a given frequency. Conceptually this length, as measured along the X-axis, is the distance from the origin to the endpoint and extends in one direction, which means that the value for length also represents the value of the endpoint along the X-axis. He we find that that wavelength is bi-directional in nature and that the total value assigned to length does not also represent the position of the endpoint along the X-axis. This bi-directional wavelength characteristic is inherent in the mathematical derivations of both Einstein and Lorentz, but is not incorporated into their resulting discussions. Not only does this lead them to incorrectly normalized their resulting equations, they also incorrectly conclude that their input and output values represent points rather than lengths. Once the equations are corrected to account for bi-directional wavelength, we summarize how the corrected equations yield equal, or better, experimental results for frequency- and wavelength-based experiments than the existing Einstein and Lorentz equations. This finding of bi-directional wavelength, along with the recognition that the equations transform lengths instead of points, will require a revised theoretical model such as the model of Complete and Incomplete Coordinate Systems.
Big Bang Reaches Deflation Stage
(2008)
Tom Van Flandern
(in absentia by video conference)
Meta Research ; tomvf@metaresearch.org
The essence of the Big Bang theory is the origin of space and time in the gigantic explosion of a singularity. The momentum of that explosion was, and continues to be, imparted only to newly created, energy-rich space, which continually forces everything not bound by gravity to become farther apart. The high energy of the initial space spreads, cools, and condenses to become matter. New space continues to be created even today, adding ‘dark energy" at the ambient temperature between galaxies. To avoid edge problems, ex-ceeding-the-speed-of-light problems, and fine-tuning problems, an early period of rapid expansion called "inflation" was added to the theory in the 1980’s. Inflation is expansion of the universe much like expansion when air is pumped into a balloon. It is exempt from the light-speed velocity limit because such expansion involves no motion of matter through local space, analogous to objects taped to the balloon’s surface getting farther apart without moving on the surface. Over the past two decades, numerous serious problems with the Big Bang theory have arisen. We presented 50 such problems at the 2005 NPA meeting, but new ones continue to appear at the rate of 4-5 per year. Now, observational contradictions have arisen to the Big Bang’s two fundamental pillars: that cosmological redshift is caused by expansion, and that the cosmic microwave radiation originates from the background, beyond all visible galaxies.
At first, supernova data appeared to confirm expansion by showing evidence of "time dilation", which would imply that distant galaxies really are getting farther away from us. However, Malmquist bias is a well-known, well-understood phenomenon in cosmol-ogy, and correcting for it is not optional. In brief, for any population having a more-or-less normal distribution of member properties such as size or brightness, there will be both more members and more extremes of properties with distance because increasing distance samples a volume proportional to distance cubed; and at the same time, samples are absent more of the small or faint end of the distri-bution with distance squared because those members are harder to see. The net of these two effects is a continuing skew in samples with increasing distance, biased toward seeing the most extreme on the high side (e.g., largest and brightest) members of the popula-tion. In the case of supernovas, the brightest have the slowest light curves, emulating a time dilation effect. So when the supernova data is corrected for Malmquist bias, all evidence for "time dilation" vanishes. This means the universe cannot be expanding. In addition, studies of the microwave radiation showed two unexpected results: (1) the octopole moments of the distribution of this radiation are strongly correlated with the ecliptic plane and solar velocity component through the local interstellar medium; and (2) the "SZ effect" showing heating of the radiation by x-rays in some galaxy clusters now shows cooling in roughly half the cases, consistent with random fluctuations but not with x-ray heating. Both of these studies indicate that at least the major part of the cosmic micro-wave radiation must have a local or intermediate-distance origin, but cannot be from the background. By any objective judgment, the air has now gone out of the balloon (deflation), and these new results mean that the Big Bang is no longer a viable hypothesis. It should be taken off the scientific table to make room for better models. Already-well-discussed possibili-ties are QSSC (quasi-steady-state cosmology), PC (plasma cosmology), VMC (variable-mass cosmology), and MM (meta model).
Carezani Frame Reduction
(2008)
David de Hilster
1360 Redondo Ave. #301, Long Beach, CA 90804; david@dehilster.com
In the early 1940s, Ricardo Carezani, an Argentinean engineering student who later received his doctoral in physics, found that more than one frame in the Lorentz Systems in Relative Motion’s derivation was, one of them, mathematically, and physically redun-dant. The removing the redundant frame and using a single one resulted in a new set of equations that are, conceptually in motion, Newtonian, have a logical explanation, even does not blow up at the velocity "c", and presents no paradoxes. The new "Autodynamics" equations have been subsequently used to improve current mainstream equations such as the Compton Effect, to derive Bohr’s Atom without the need for wave equations, and to describe subatomic interactions without the need for the neutrino, etc. THe math behind the redundant frame will be shown, the derivation of the new Autodynamics equations, as well as the mismatching exponent form Einstein’s attempt to generate the Lorentz equations from special relativity.
Cause of the Spectral Characteristics of Quasars and QSO’s
(2008)
Charles E. Weber
(in absentia)
1908 Country Club Rd, Hendersonville, NC, 28739 USA; isoptera@mchsi.com
This is a hypothesis which attempts to explain the characteristics of QSO’s (quasi stellar objects) as an optical illusion created by gravitational lensing of the photons from the opposite jet emanating from a huge [1] mass at the center of an active galaxy the axis of which is oriented toward Earth [2], by the magnified reflection of ultraviolet and X-rays from a dense plate of ions on the surface of an accretion disk, and by infrared rays emitted from dust and gas further out, the last not magnified as greatly. BL Lac objects are perceived as QSO’s from which primarily rays emitted by atoms or reflected by the ions on the accretion disk are seen. BAL QSO’s and infrared QSO’s are perceived as active galaxies viewed from 90 degrees to the side of the axis.
Classical and Special Theory of Relativty
(2008)
Philipp Michailovich Kanarev
350063 Krasnodar, Pushkin str. 11, apt. 19, Russia, Krasnodar, Russian Federation; kanphil@mail.ru http://Kanarev.innoplaza.net
The beginning of XXI century – progress of freedom of scientific thinking. Already students understand a full inconsistency STR. There is no force which could enslave their creative potential. Absurd academic doctrines STR, the captivated school and high school textbooks, are doomed. The new generation of scientists will reject them.
The classical theory of a relativity has appeared for a long time. In the greatest contribu-tion to its creation have brought Galileo and Newton. It successfully solves the primary goals connected to activity of the person. However, in the beginning of XX century theoretical results which limited a scope of laws of the classical theory of a relativity to speeds considerably smaller speeds of light of 300000 km/s have been received. This fundamental consequence fol-lows from Lorentz’s transformations which appeared in the base of the Special theory of a rela-tivity (STR), developed by A. Einstein. Experimental data which ostensibly confirm reliability STR were found also. However these data had no unequivocal interpretation of their reliability, therefore STR has been subjected to criticism from the moment of its birth. Now this criticism has reached apogee and proofs of an inaccuracy STR have appeared. In what their essence?
Classical Bell’s Inequalities
(2000)
Dr. Vesselin C. Noninski
149 W 12th Street #3-4, New York, NY 10011 United States; vesselin.noninski@verizon.net http://philo.at/kollektion/index.php/browse/index/8?sortId=&recordsPage=16
An example of a classical system violating Bell’s inequalities is discussed.
Existence of a classical system violating Bell’s inequalities takes away the
“mysterious” property usually called “non-locality” which according to
some characterizes quantum-mechanical systems.
Close the Greenhouse; an Unknown Sink Regulates Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
(2004)
Sven Ingvar Astrand
Sarpsborgsv. 15, Sodertalje, Sweden; unitheory@hotmail.com http://www.theuniphysics.info
People are indoctrinated by speculating theoretical scientists that a greenhouse effect is caused by increasing level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, from increasing emission of burned gases from human societies, industries, transportation, from warming of people's houses, offices and shopping centers. Specialized greenhouse meteorologists say that they don't understand the CO2-budget: what is emitted minus what is absorbed by forests and all other known sinks. It seems that all carbon dioxide that human societies produce disappears somewhere. I have solved this important enigma. My study is easy to understand, and it gives us new, surprising, good insights about how the carbon cycle is in balance. Its interesting interaction with the oceans also reveals problematic insights. CCD, the strange calcite-compensation level, is explained: how it is a condition for nutrition on a molecular level for plankton that is food for other lives, in the oceans, and from the oceans. This study of the carbon cycle also explains how carbon dioxide is the foundation for hydro-carbonates. My study demonstrates that Nature does not produce 'fossil fuels' from fossils. We also get a surprising but convincing revelation about how Nature produces the oxygen we breath. Research on exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen, to and from trees and forests, has been made over a year-cycle. It was found that there was no net emission or absorption of those gases that are important for the life on Earth. This shocking revelation is important. It gives us beautiful new insights into Nature, with self-evident explanations.
Coming Full Circle With Quantum Hall Explanations
(2008)
Evert Jan Post
(in absentia)
Westchester, CA 90045-3357; evertpost@aol.com
The vast majority of attempts at describing how the two quantum Hall effects fit existing theory have started out by viewing the phonemena in a Copenhagen-Schroedinger perspective. In the course of time extraneous adaptations had to be made ranging from fractional charge, composite fermions all the way to a Chern-Simmons 3-forms invoking strings. Yet this step of entering the field now reveals a structural topology not conveyable by statistical Schrödinger methods. Ironically, the 1- and 2-form components of a physical 3-form used by Kiehn unify integer and fractional effects. More ironic is that this option had already been reported in ref.12 prior to the announced discovery of the fractional effect in 1982.
Commentary on Ritz’s Electrodynamics
(1998)
Mr. Robert Fritzius
305 Hillside Drive, Starkville, MS 39759 United States; fritzius@bellsouth.net http://www.shadetreephysics.com
In 1908 Walter Ritz identified seven areas of difficulty with regard to the Maxwell-Lorentz electromagnetic field equations, which are based on the concept of a solid deformable ether. (1) Electric and magnetic forces really express relations about space and time and should be replaced with non-instantaneous elementary actions (his emission theory). (2) Advanced potentials don’t exist (and their erroneous use led to the Rayleigh-Jeans ultraviolet catastrophe). (3) Localization of energy in the ether is vague. (4) It is impossible to reduce gravity to the same notions. (5) The unacceptable inequality of action and reaction is brought about by the concept of absolute motion with respect to the ether. (6) Apparent relativistic mass increase is amenable to a different interpretation. (7) The use of absolute coordinates, independent of all motions of matter, requires throwing away the time honored use of Galilean relativity and our notions of rigid ponderable bodies.
Full text (in html) is available at http://www.shadetreephysics.com/ritz.htm
Comparative Analysis of the Model of Complete and Incomplete Coordinate Systems
(2008)
Steven Bryant
Primitive Logic, Inc, 704 Sansome Street, San Francisco CA
The continued mathematical validity of the Einstein and Lorentz transformation equations has been mathematically challenged based on namespace analysis and on apparent violations of the rules of algebraic substitution. In addition, the Einstein-Lorentz Special Relativity equations do not properly incorporate frequency into the derivation because they overlook its bi-directional nature and do not account for superposition of waves principle. Furthermore, both Einstein and Lorentz use their equations to transform points instead of lengths. He we compare and contrast the essential characteristics of the Einstein-Lorentz models with the model of Complete and Incomplete Coordinate Systems, which introduces a revised set of length-based transformation equations, addresses the bi-directional nature of frequency, and adheres to the superposition of waves principles. The model of Complete and Incomplete Coordinate Systems is a wave medium (aether) based model that is generalize to apply to oscillating phenomena and moving systems, does not suffer from the same mathematical problems as the Einstein-Lorentz derivations, and uses equations that yield equal or better results that the existing Einstein-Lorentz equations.
Conclusions About the Simultaneity of Two Events
(2000)
Dr. Vesselin C. Noninski
149 W 12th Street #3-4, New York, NY 10011 United States; vesselin.noninski@verizon.net http://philo.at/kollektion/index.php/browse/index/8?sortId=&recordsPage=16
A ‘gedanken’ experiment is presented whereby two simultaneous events
(from the point of view of an obesrver in a train) trigger an explosion
which destroys a train. A stationary observer using the Special Theory of
Relativity (STR) to determine simultaneity in the train concludes that no
simultaneous events have occurred on the train, hence the train is intact. It
is pointed out that the conclusion the stationary observer makes is
incorrect because it is based on STR as a method to determine
simultaneity.
Consequences of the New SRT, Inflowing Space and The Resurrection of The Ether [Part 2]
(2008)
Dr. John R. Warfield
4111 North Drinkwater Boulevard, Apt. F302, Scottsdale, AZ 85251; Warf1002@aol.com
This article is an extension of the paper SRT, GRT and the Resurrection of the Ether [Part 1]. The intention of this document is to use the new unified theory to explain known observations and other assumed hypothetical consequences typically associated with Einstein’s Relativity
Cosmology – The Frozen Embrace of Outlandish Assumptions and Myth
(2008)
Charles Sven
41242 North Westlake Avenue, Antioch, Illinois 60002-8604; cjsven@comcast.net
Today, the findings of modern technology as published by NASA, Stanford Labs, SDSS, Super Kamiokande Studies, and 2dF along with other equivalent research, easily refute the early uncritical observations and assumptions used to imperfectly describe 20th century cosmology, assumptions that persist with such tenacity that many believe they are fact, including a Hindu myth. The foundations of 20th century cosmology as contributed by de Sitter, Lemaître, Friedmann and Milne are noted, dated, documented, and then refuted, negated, and countered with specific above noted modern observations.
Debate Over – Earth Unquestionably Growing and Expanding
(2008)
Navy Commander Lawrence S. Myers
(in absentia)
1128 Harrogate Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37923-1953; meteordust@comcast.net www.expanding-earth.org
The long-running debate about whether the Earth is expanding can finally be terminated. The verdict: The Earth is undoubtedly growing and expanding, and has been for its entire existence. Its age is impossible to know because a starting point cannot be deter-mined, but it will continue to grow and expand until it eventually reaches the size of Jupiter, and may become another Sun in the Uni-verse. The debate ended with the realization that all of today’s oceans are relatively young (less than 250 million years old), although they now cover 71% of the planet, and have added 40% to its size. This is prima facie evidence the planet was much smaller 250 million years ago and could not have been created in its present size from a solar cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago as postulated by Immanuel Kant in 1755 and now believed and taught by most scientists. Why this theory has been perpetuated for more than 250 years is a question the scientific community must think about. This new revelation automatically removes the rationale for invention of the false concept of subduction to maintain Earth at its present diameter! So, with one simple and logical insight both Kant’s nebular hypothesis and the false concept of subduction are rendered null and void. Subduction has never been proved and is physically im-possible due to the countervailing internal pressure of tectonic force, a force greater than that of gravity, the mechanism that controls the Solar System and its planets.
Dirac’s Equation and the Sea of Negative Energy
(2004)
Don Hotson
Don Hotson P. O. Box 789, Green Mountain Falls, CO 80819 United States; donhotson@yahoo.com
Dirac’s wave equation is a relativistic generalization of the
Schrödinger wave equation. In 1934 this brilliantly successful
equation was shorn of half of its solutions by a questionable
bit of mathematical slight-of-hand. Because it was
“politically correct,” this bit of juggling became the accepted
interpretation. However, recent developments have
shown the very basis of this mathematical trick to be invalid,
in that it would involve massive violations of conservation.
A reevaluation is therefore warranted.
The Schrödinger wave equation has been said to “contain
most of physics and all of chemistry.” Since Dirac’s equation
is a relativistic generalization of this already generally applicable
wave equation, in formulating it Dirac expected that
its solutions would describe “everything that waves.” Since
all matter and energy evolve as waves, Dirac thought his
equation would be a unitary “theory of everything.”
However, the discovery of several new particles and peer criticism
resulting in the truncation of the equation frustrated
this expectation, and it is generally known at present as
“Dirac’s equation of the electron.”
Dissident Interests
(2008)
Viraj Fernando
100, Mornelle Court, #1100, Toronto, M1E 4X2 Canada; virajplf@yahoo.co.uk
At a certain level of development of human knowledge in any given field of study, new facts and phenomena that are discerned at a later period, come in conflict with some of the existing concepts and conventions on which older theories are based. These concepts and conventions which have previously facilitated and fostered the development of knowledge turn into fetters to its further development. This crisis may even necessitate a change of the entire conceptual framework radically, and along with it, the ruling paradigms to be more or less rapidly transformed. This is due to the fact that concepts as a rule are formulated imprecisely by way of errors or omissions unforeseen or consciously done by the use of Occam’s razor by their authors. Because of this imprecision, concepts formulated to explain phenomena in earlier theories become inadequate and a hindrance to explain new phenomena discovered later on. In order to break through this impasse, earlier concepts and conventions should be analysed to find out the errors or omissions inherent in them and correct or amend them, or if they are wrong altogether, new concepts must be formulated to replace the existing ones.
Do Space and Time have an Archetypal Design?
(2008)
Helmut Hansen
helmuthansen@gmx.de
The physicist Wolfgang Pauli (1900-58), one of the founder of quantum mechanics, was highly fascinated of Jungs archetypes. He conceived them as the underlying principles of the physical world. He even suggested a research program in order to explore the physical meaning of these archetypes. But this research program never became reality. This article gives an example how this research program could look like. It refers to a structure consisting of different circles and squares that are put together in a specific way; a structure, which is traditionally called a MANDALA. By making Einsteins special theory of relativity geometrically compatible with a transcendent background this archetypal structure surprisingly came up. As its speed limit is given by the speed of infinity, it includes the possibility to overcome special relativity theory (SRT).
Dual Dilemma From Faradays’ Law – Constructive Fraud at the Foundation of Electrodynamics
(2008)
S. I. Wells
P.O. Box 223, Truckee, CA 96160; cywels@gmail.com
The original formulation of Faraday’s Law (the motivation of an electric current in a conductor about a region of expanding magnetic flux), and its well-known expression in Maxwell’s fourth equation (the generation of an actual electric field circulation about such a region of magnetic flux change) are examined in the context of energy and angular momentum conservation. It is shown that these formulations, especially Maxwell’s equation, directly violate both conservation laws –i.e., the First Law of Thermodynamics and the Third Law of Motion. Several idealized descriptive arrangements of experimental apparatus are employed in demonstrating the persistent fallacies in the conceptions of electromagnetic relations from the very outset of their theoretical development: various systems of free charges, co-axial coils and rotating charged wheels display specific (though unintentional) conflicts with basic laws of mechanics –evidence of ‘constructive fraud’— and point to the need for a thorough re-evaluation of the premises of electrodynamics. Several possible directions toward reformulation are briefly critiqued; more studied attention is then devoted to an Ether Traction-Compression Hypothesis to resolve the issues.
Einstein's Light Postulate: a Matter of Convention?
(2000)
Antonio Ferrigno
Patentlaan 2, PO Box 5818, Rijswijk, 2280HV Netherlands; aferrigno@epo.org http://www.geocities.com/antonioferrigno
The Lorentz transformations lead to various paradoxes. We have found non-Lorentz transformations which are also in accordance with the postulates of SRT. The existence of these alternative transformations can also be considered a paradox, since then the following question arises: how can one select the "true" transformations among the various possibilities? Furthermore, Einstein suggested that the method used to synchronize distant clocks is a matter of convention. In our opinion this implies that also the 2nd postulate of Einstein is a matter of convention. It should be therefore possible to find transformations linking physical quantities from one "convention" to another. We have explored the possibility of explaining the experimental world (the one observed by means of light) in terms of Galilean transformations and Newtonian laws of nature. Assuming that light propagates in accordance with the Ritz's postulate (the speed of the light is c in the frame where the source was at rest at the instant of the emission), we arrive at the conclusion that an Observer distorts the position and timing of a moving body in such a way that Einstein's light postulate holds.
Einstein’s 1918-1920 Ideas on the Role of Ether in Relativity, and the Morton Ether Model
(2008)
Thomas Morton
2410 Albatross St., #8, San Diego, CA 92101; tmorton9@cox.net
In 1918 and 1920 Einstein declared that ether could certainly play a role in General Relativity Theory (GRT) and would not need to be excluded from Special Relativity Theory (SRT). He thus left the door open for the insertion of ether concepts in both the gravitational case of dense matter and strong gravitational fields and the case of comparatively field-free regions of interstellar and intergalactic space. Einstein maintained that the ether is non-rotational and has no ordinary fixed points and has no ordinary state of motion. This presentation describes the essence of the ether and explains why the ether as described is a logical necessity.
Einstein’s Special Relativity Theory and Mach’s Principle
(2002)
Lars Wahlin
P.O.Box 391, Rollinsville, CO 80474-0391 United States; lars@colutron.com http://www.colutron.com/products/cosmos.html
Many historical works on Einstein describe his approval of Mach’s philosophy and his effort to incorporate Mach’s Principle into his relativity theories. Einstein eventually abandoned Mach’s Principle but with some reservations. However, Mach’s Principle still persists and its presumed incompatibility with Einstein’s Relativity continues to be an obstacle for many in their attempts to understand Einstein’s theory. This essay intends to resolve the issue by showing that Einstein’s Special Relativity, in fact, is subject to Mach’s Principle and that the proof can be found in the relativistic velocities of atomic orbits.
Electric Currents, Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Pulses, and Electromagnetic Propulsion
(2008)
Dr. John R. Warfield
4111 North Drinkwater Boulevard, Apt. F302, Scottsdale, AZ 85251; Warf1002@aol.com
A single circular loop conductor [ring] with its current induces a magnetic field, not only surrounding the ring but also within the substance of the ring. Subsequently, that portion of the magnetic field, which is located within the body of the ring, interacts with its own current to produce Lorentz forces. Electromagnetic propulsive forces are produced from this process. However, these forces are either blocked by the intact structure of the ring, or they are symmetrically oriented in opposing directions. As such, these later forces counteract each other. Essentially, all the forces are balanced; consequently there is no propulsion of the ring. However, if a directed magnetic pulse [magnetic flux compression producers] distorts the magnetic field relative to one side of the plane of the ring, then for the duration of this pulse, there will be within the ring some Lorentz forces that are neither blocked by its physical structure nor an-nulled by opposing symmetrical forces. Accordingly, these forces are unbalanced. As a result, there will be electromagnetic propulsion of the ring along its axis.
Electromagnetic Space –Time –Ether
(2008)
A. A. Nassikas
(in absentia)
Technological Education Institute of Larissa, 10, Ethnikis Antistasseos Str., 41335 Larissa, GREECE; a.a.nass@teilar.gr
According to the minimum contradictions point of view, space-time is stochastic and it can be regarded as matter –ether. However, matter can be either mass or charge. Thus, there exist both mass-gravitational (g) and charge-electromagnetic (em) space-time. The (em) space-time behaves as a (g) one, since both are space-time and obey the same principles but it is not. Thus, any time interval in the (em) space-time is incomprehensible with respect to a coexisting (g) one and it can be regarded as an imaginary number, which is incomprehensible too. According to the minimum contradictions point of view, the energy of an infinitesimal (em) space-time can be regarded as imaginary since it is equivalent to an (em) time interval. Therefore, in general, the electromagnetic energy and in extension (em) magnitudes can be regarded as imaginary. The electromagnetic space-time can be regarded as a four dimensional space-time which coexists with the gravitational one. Taking into account the existence of negative physical and geometrical magnitudes, according to the minimum contradictions point of view, we may assume that there exists also an anti-em space-time that corresponds to antimatter. Thus, space-time as a whole is described through sixteen dimensions, i.e. four dimensions for each of the following space-times: (g), (anti-g), (em) and (anti-em). This does not mean that space-time has 16 dimensions; simply it is described through 16 dimensions. In reality space-time is fractal described through four dimensions. It is noted that there is a coexistence scale between (g) and (em) space-time and that the probability density function, according to the spirit to this work, can take either positive or negative values. The epistemological basis for the above mentioned one can find in previous works.
Electron Spin and the Emission of Photons
(2008)
Mitch Emery
(in absentia)
416 W. John Street, Maumee, OH 43537; emery_mitch@yahoo.com
The awkward spin of an electron escapes rational understanding. But by principles from my previous study [1], the spin is portrayed as a dual spin—with one spin perpendicular to the other. A dual spin as such serves to explain the emission of photons, along with their wave-like pattern, and the speed limit c. Planck’s radiation law and the photoelectric effect are also discussed.
Elementary Concepts of Material World
(2005)
Aleksandar Vukelja
aleksandar@masstheory.org www.masstheory.org
In order to discuss laws that rule material world we must first define the concept of matter itself. To do so, we will create an abstract model – a completely theoretical paradigm that will allow us to understand how natural laws function. We will develop this abstract model starting with a simple definition and continuing throughout this book to add features and properties – until the model matches the actual physical reality in all important issues that we will discuss.
Emission-Absorption-Scattering (EAS) Sub-quantum Physics
(1997)
Mr. Robert Fritzius
305 Hillside Drive, Starkville, MS 39759 United States; fritzius@bellsouth.net http://www.shadetreephysics.com
A modified Ritz emission theory is used to expand our present day ideas about virtual particle theory. It is done in a manner which provides an intuitive interpretation of both repulsion and "attraction" and offers a new insight into the stochastic anisotropic nature of the electrodynamic braking action of bremsstrahlung. (This presentation was originally given at the International Conference on Sir Isaac Newton in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1993.)
Empirical Gap in Newtonian Gravity
(2008)
Richard Benish
4243 Amazon Dr., Eugene, OR 97405 United States; rjbenish@teleport.com http://www.gravitationlab.com
For practical and historical reasons, most of what we know about gravity is based on observations made or experiments conducted beyond the surfaces of dominant massive bodies (exterior solution). Here we consider one particular type of interior solution experiment that would not be too dicult to do, but has never been done.
Experimental Difference Between Magnetic Attraction And Repulsion
(2003)
Jaroslav J. Kopernicky
209 Archdekin Drive, Brampton, ON L6V 1Y8 Canada; jarok@attcanada.ca
Gravitation’s property of attraction only makes it appear different from electrical or magnetic force. The observations and reasoning in this paper attempt to find an explanation for the gravity as the difference between vectors of attractive and repulsive forces of the total energy “content” in favor of attraction. This difference is supposed to be related to the gravitational constant.
Explanation Of Relativistic Phenomena by Revision of Classical Mechanics
(2008)
Viraj Fernando
100, Mornelle Court, #1100, Toronto, M1E 4X2 Canada; virajplf@yahoo.co.uk
At the time Michelson’s experiment was first performed or even when SRT was formulated, the existence bosons and fermions had not yet been identified. Therefore SRT carries an inherent basic error of mixing up the ‘relativistic phenomena’ of fermions with those of bosons. (We define as ‘relativistic’ those phenomena that cannot be explained with the prevailing classical concepts). SRT has not recognized that the constancy of velocity of light arises from the nature of motion of bosons, and Lorentz transformation arises from that of fermions. Therefore it will become evident that the underlying reason for the doctrine of spatio-temporal relatedness in nature in SRT is the basic error of mixing up Lorentz transformation and constancy of the velocity of light under the same umbrella. Einstein has made his tangled web in such a manner, that even the dissenters can get trapped in it hopelessly unless a conscious approach is taken in regard to avoiding this basic error. The methodology proposed is to classify phenomena into three groups as arising from changes of states of energy a) of bosons, b) of fermions, and c) of boson-fermion interactions, and then to look for the common root causes for each of the groups.
Presently, while the mainstream is satisfied with Einstein’s approach of considering a hodge-podge assortment of ‘relativistic phenomena’ piece meal, and attributing them separately to dynamic and kinematic reasons in an ad hoc manner, the dissenters also have failed to classify phenomena into different groups and to look for the common root causes for each of the discrete groups.
Falsification of Relativity of Simultaneity using Halsbury-Transfer to link Four Streams of Einstein-Synchronous Clocks into a Square Loop
(2008)
Jim Hodges
(in absentia)
2 Gunyah Court, Kurunjang, VIC 3337 AUSTRALIA; etherdrift@ozemail.com.au
Special Relativity is a theory of kinematic invariance, and it is certainly true that the moving observer - if he assumes that his clocks are unslowed and his measuring stick is unshrunk, and that light is isotropic with respect to himself - will envisage the at-rest observer to have (i) a bow clock and stern clock both running slow, (ii) the clock reading of the stern clock in advance of the clock reading of the bow clock (the Œrelativity of simultaneity¹), (iii) a measuring stick shrunken in the fore and aft direction, and (iv) anisotropic light. Although a one-only moving observer can without contradiction make the assumptions that he does regarding his clocks, sticks and light, the paper shows that he cannot make these assumptions for the general case where he is but one of a collection of moving ob-servers going this way and that. The thought experiment is explicated by a series of diagrams in which four orthogonal streams of robotic clocks enclose the stationary observer in a square, and where the direction of those streams is anticlockwise as seen from above the page. The gedanken begins with one stream of 16 equidistant clocks, all synchronized according to Einstein. Then each moving clock in that stream is allowed to transfer its clock reading by direct contact (Halsbury transfer) to a clock in a second stream of clocks coming in from the right. When this process is repeated for each corner the result is an unbroken circulating loop of equidistant Ein-stein-synchronous clocks which has the appearance of a snake chasing its tail. The stationary observer then makes the startling dis-covery that the clock reading of theŒhead¹ clock of the circulating snake is retarded instead of being in advance of the clock reading of the immediately proceeding Œtail¹ clock. This demonstration of the untenability of the Einstein relativity of simultaneity has a num-ber of implications, including that moving observers can no longer maintain (a) that their clocks are unslowed, (b) that their measuring sticks are unshrunk, and (c) that light is isotropic with respect to their individual selves. With the collapse of kinematic invariance it is found that Special Relativity reverts to the theory from which it was derived: the theory wherein light propagates in a static medium and where Fitzgerald contraction of solid matter is physically real and theoretically detectable, e.g. with a Tolman balanced right angle lever.
For a New Paradigm of Physics, Gravitational Mass and Electrical Charge are United as Two Components of One Physical Quantity (bq,m0)
(2008)
Dr. Borros Arneth
Mittelstedter Weg 37, Bad Homburg, GERMANY; borros@arneth.net
The basic assumption here is that all natural forces can all be reduced to a single force. For this purpose, Coulomb’s Law and the Law of Gravity are combined into a single law. This law yields, as an astonishing consequence, a new force, not described until now, having the form of a mass-charge force. This newly formulated mass-charge force is thought to be the force that counteracts Coulombs repulsion to hold together the nucleons in an atomic nucleus. As a result, a further natural force, namely the nuclear force, is also uni-fied. Additionally by reducing the natural forces to a single force, the conservation laws are reduced. On the other hand, such a unifi-cation of physics only makes sense if gravitational and inertial masses are different: inertial mass increases with speed, whereas gravi-tational mass remains constant.
Viewing equations concerning mass, the charge amounts usually are zero, thus q = 0 with it (bq, m) = m. Viewing equations con-cerning charge, the error is likewise negligibe, as charge increases with m only by the m/b-th part, where b = 11.X109 kg/C) is chosen so that F = G z1z2/r2 is valid. Additionally, the mass of the electron per se is small. One can easily subsume mass and charge into a complex quantity: z = (bq,mo) = bq + mi. With this formulation gravitational mass and charge are combined to a single quantity. The result is a single law. When gravity is being considered, the charge of the body observed is zero and the Law of Gravity results. If the charge on the body being observed is not zero, then the result is essentially Coulomb’s Law.
Four-Vectors in Electromagnetism
(2008)
Diego Saa
(in absentia)
Gregorio Cofro 177 y Joaquin Paredes, Quito, ECUADOR; alexandravillamar2@hotmail.com
A new mathematical structure intended to formalize the classical 3D and 4D vectors is briefly described. This structure is evidenced to be more appropriate, for its use in Physics and the sciences in general, than any of the other mathematical structures of geometric origin, such as the Hamilton (or Pauli or Dirac) quaternions, tensors, geometric algebra (GA) and space-time algebra (STA). The application of four-vectors in electromagnetism is demonstrated, where current concepts are reproduced, in some cases, corrected, in other cases, and new concepts are discovered, such as the following: It is suggested the need of an electromagnetic scalar, the Lienard and Wiechert potentials are suggested to be incorrect and also to have an incorrect origin, new equations for the handling of energy-momentum are proposed with which it is proved that mass and momentum have to satisfy the wave equation. Several other physical variables are also proved to satisfy the wave equation, which gives a strong argument to conclude that our universe is of electromagnetic constitution. Maxwell’s equations are reduced to a simple four-vector equation. As a byproduct, new values and units for the dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of vacuum are proposed. Then the electric and magnetic units are expressed only in terms of mechanical units so there is no need for the former.
Gravitation, Field and Rotation of Mercury Perihelion
(2008)
Joseph J. Smulsky
(in absentia)
Institute of Earth's Cryosphere, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; jsmulsky@mail.ru
The gravitational influence of one body on another is determined by Newton gravity force. Unfortunately, at 18 century the field was entered. And gravitational interactions are now understood so. The first body creates a field, and this field acts on the second body. The concept of field has resulted in many mistakes in the contemporary science. For example, a homogeneous rotating sphere and the same non- rotating sphere have identical distribution of gravitational potential around of itself, i.e. create an identical gravitational field. Therefore automatically is considered, that these two bodies will equally act on weighty point, which moves around of them. Actually it is not so. To determine the influence of the rotating body on the weighty point, it is necessary to integrate the motion equations of weighty point with influence of Newton gravity force from all parts of a rotating body. Such task is very difficult and, probably, sometime it will be solved. We have elected other way and have considered compound model of rotating body. Its rotation we represent as axis-symmetrical located in one plane of the several bodies, which as a result of mutual gravitational attraction rotate around of central body. In result of influence of such compound model of the Sun rotation the computed velocities of change of all parameters of orbits: eccentricity, angles of inclination, of ascending node and perihelion have coincided for all planets from Mercury up to Neptune with results of observations.
Gravity’s Mysteries
(2008)
Navy Commander Lawrence S. Myers
(in absentia)
1128 Harrogate Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37923-1953; meteordust@comcast.net www.expanding-earth.org
A FUNDAMENTAL REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE, presented in Tulsa, OK, in 2006, demolished the nebular hypothesis of Immanuel Kant that has misled scientists for 250 years, and replaced it with ACCREATION (creation by accretion) that accurately reflects the slow process of creation of the Solar System and its planets. This cosmology leads to further discoveries in the fundamentals of physics, both conventional and quantum. Gravity’s mechanism intrigued me after discovering that spherical shape enables gravity to focus on the exact center of any planetary body. Observation that falling water drops become spherical, just as molten lead forms cannon balls when dropped from a height, suggests the mechanism of gravity is INTERNAL and the power of gravity is determined by the collective mass, or total (atomic?) weight of all atoms in any body. A corresponding gravitational effect may exist in the cloud of gas, dust, meteoroids and asteroids orbiting the Sun, but spacing of planets in the plane of the ecliptic suggests a collective gravitational power is projected in all directions, the intensity determined by the size and gravity of each body. This leaves unanswered the internal workings of the atom. Current theories of gravitons, electromagnetism, “weak” and “strong” forces, as somehow related to gravity are matters requiring much thought and experimentation. Also, the Hubble redshift as an indicator of increasing velocity at the outer edges of an Expanding Universe is illogical—the speed of light should be constant throughout the Universe. Logic suggests the red shift is a metric of distance.
How do you add relative velocities?
(2004)
Zbigniew Oziewicz
UNAM, Facultad de Esudios Superiores, C.P. 54715 Cuautitlan Izcalli, Estado de Mexico C.P. 54715 Mexico; oziewicz@servidor.unam.mx
This paper was presented on XXV International Colloquium on Group Theoretical Methods in Physics, Mexico, August 2004.
Following Minkowski in 1908, we consider the relative velocity to be the Minkowski space-like vector. We show that the Lorentz boost entails the relative velocity to be ternary: ternary relative velocity is a velocity of a body with respect to interior observer as seen by a preferred exterior observer. The Lorentz boost imply non-associative addition of ternary relative Einsteinian velocities. Within Einstein’s special relativity theory, each preferred observer (aether, fixed stars, etc), determine the unique relative velocity among each pair of massive bodies. The special relativity founded on axiom that each pair of reference systems must be related by the Lorentz isometry, needs the preferred reference system in order to have the unique Einstenian relative velocity among each pair of massive bodies. This choice-dependence of relative velocity violate the Relativity Principle that all reference systems must be equivalent.
How much lower is the frequency of a solid state oscillator when it is moving relative to the CMB (cosmic microwave background)
(2008)
Hartwig Thim
(in absentia)
Johannes Kepler University, 4040 Linz, AUSTRIA; hartwig.thim@jku.at
The postulates of both special relativity and the Lorentz ether theory could easily be tested via measurement of the resonance frequency of a microwave resonator, as it strongly depends on the phase velocities of the waves travelling back and forth. If, for example, a signal is injected into a shorted transmission line a standing wave voltage distribution is formed by the two waves travelling at phase velocities c - u and c + u, with u being the absolute velocity of our solar system in the direction of LEO, i.e., u = 390km/s. The wavelength lambda of the standing wave is reduced by the well-known factor (1-u2/c2). However, the decrease of lambda for u = 390km/s is very small, so that probing the wavelength will not likely yield a meaningful value for the absolute velocity u. A more successful method might be to connect the resonator to an active element such as a bipolar transistor and build a solid-state oscillator. The frequency of operation can easily be calculated and it will be shown that it does neither depend on the square root of (1-u2/c2), as special relativity predicts due to ‘time dilation’ nor on (1-u2/c2) as the Lorentz Ether Theory would predict. The calculation rather shows that all circuit elements will contribute to some other dependence, which can be calculated numerically or determined experimentally. Thus a series of experiments with different solid-state oscillator circuits could be performed in order to measure the actual ticking rate of clocks (=oscillators) at rest or in motion relative to the ether, to the cosmic microwave background (Smoot’s New Aether) or relative to whatever. When two different oscillator circuits would be operated in a common laboratory on earth during a 12 hours period of time (half a revolution of the earth) and different frequency readings would be observed after they had initially been tuned to the same frequency this would indicate that the Lorentz Ether Theory is correct whereas equal frequency readings would indicate that special relativity is applicable. Experimental results obtained with several different oscillators and theoretical aspects of this method will be discussed at the Conference.
How Radiation Wavelengths Can Vary by 16 Orders of Magnitude While Speeds of those Emissions Remain Constant
(2008)
Neil E. Munch
402 Russell Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20877-2864; nemunch@cs.com
As in Bohr’s Model, it is assumed here that incoming energy is received by an atom and then emitted as a photon each time its received energy has increased by the discrete amount of hc/ l , where h is Planck’s constant in Joules-sec, c is light speed at 3E8 m/s, and l is wavelength. If that l is the distance between emitted photons, as assumed by Planck (when c is constant), the enormous range of wavelengths in the EM spectrum is readily achieved. Here, sequential emission of photons from a single atom is called an “emission ray”. That ray is so tiny it is as difficult to see as seeing a single atom. A group of those rays, traveling together, is here called an “emission beam”, which can be seen and measured. A beam’s properties may well be the statistical mean of values of its component rays. If correct, the constant speed c of all emissions might be attributed to constant ‘escape velocity’ from the atomic sources, rather than the still-unfound all-pervasive aether. Concepts by Galileo, Ritz and Doppler still apply for an observer moving relative to the emission’s source. The enormous energies of the minuscule wavelength gamma rays are easily explained by the inverse energy-wavelength relationships in this concept. Also, if a photon is a spherical cloud of energy particles, it would pass any point in some sort of an energy wave profile and references to “duality concepts” in quantum mechanics may be un-needed.
Ideas, Ideas Everywhere, but Not the Time to Think (or Write)
(2008)
Carl R. Littmann
(in absentia)
8460 Limekiln Pike, Wyncote PA 19095; carllittmann@earthlink.net
(Title partly borrowed from Coleridge’s Rime of the Ancient Mariner) There are many good ideas that I don’t have time to develop or to turn into well-written and well-researched papers. I’m sure many other NPA’ers find that too. Other NPA’ers might even have already wisely addressed some topics and ideas that I outline below. But if anything below seem new; readers are welcome to heist and develop it. Below, I sometimes propose only a Title for a paper; sometimes even the Abstract also; and sometimes even the Introduction. ((This ‘paper’ will not be verbally presented. Nor many copies mailed to any conference. Some topics may even roam slightly outside the realm that NPA was founded to address.)) Text clarification: Paper also gives ball-volume-ratios arising when a 4-big ball array surrounds a 4-small ball array for the Efficient packing case and the Inefficient packing case.
Implications of Infinite Current Densities at Idealized DC Generator Poles
(2008)
Jan Olof Jonson
(in absentia)
Östmarksgatan 50 nb, SE-123 42 Farsta, SWEDEN; jajo8088@student.su.se
The discovery of the necessity of infinite current densities at idealized DC generator poles needs search for applications, among others cold fusion. A mathematical proof has been made elsewhere predicting the appearance of infinite current densities in the vicinity of idealized DC generator poles with a vanishing linear extension. The discovery was made, as a complete DC circuit was being analyzed mathematically as a part of the analysis of experimental results with Ampére’s bridge in the 1980s. The author has proposed that the research upon among others cold fusion would benefit from the discovery, as very high energy densities will be needed in order to achieve fusion, and this will happen in an electric circuit, too, provided the current density is high enough. Since no reactions have been observed thus far with respect to the publication of the discovery, it seems necessary to emphasize this discovery again through a special paper, focusing solely upon the analysis of a DC source. More generally, the discovery will be of great use within all calculations of electromagnetic forces involving a DC generator, or a discharging capacitor, as well.
Important but Overlooked Implications of Galileo’s Relative Motion Observations
(2008)
Neil E. Munch
402 Russell Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20877-2864; nemunch@cs.com
This paper describes overlooked results seen when Galileo’s views from a ship or land are coupled with uniqueness of start and stop times of a falling object. There, the same elapsed time of travel of a specific object would be seen by all observers. Observers moving relative to that unique environment DO see measurably-different path lengths and velocities along those various path lengths. Those same results are shown to hold for a light ray in rectilinear motion. This appears to confirm universal time, as defined herein. Contrary to assumptions by both Lorentz and Einstein, it’s NOT the physical length over which light travels that changes with velocity; it is the path length and speed of light travel passing over the fixed physical lengths which contracts or dilates with relative velocity. This also applies on a ‘micro’ level for a single light ray where it’s the period between light waves (or frequency) which remains constant and it’s light speed and wave lengths which vary in the view of moving observers. This contradicts centuries of erroneous assumptions that light frequency and wavelength are related by constant light speed c. However, it is difficult to measure light properties for a single tiny light ray from a single light source, so some real-life adjustments are needed as discussed in a second paper.
Inflationary Effects on the Formation of Galaxies
(2008)
Mitch Emery
(in absentia)
416 W. John Street, Maumee, OH 43537; emery_mitch@yahoo.com
This note is based on ideas from a previous study [1] about force-free circular motion. Its purpose is to elaborate on the formation of galaxies, and to make clear why the bars of a spiral galaxy exist.
Interpreting SN 2006gy from a Modified Ritzian Viewpoint *
(2008)
Mr. Robert Fritzius
305 Hillside Drive, Starkville, MS 39759 United States; fritzius@bellsouth.net http://www.shadetreephysics.com
Supernova 2006gy, which is reputed to be the “brightest stellar explosion ever recorded,” is generally considered to be associated with spiral galaxy NGC 1260, some 240 million light years from the solar system. On the other hand, three astrometrically determined positions for the supernova are radically inconsistent with the calculated distance to the spiral galaxy. Walter Ritz’s (1908) ballistic emission theory (which predicts apparent time modulation for close binary stars) as modified by J.G. Fox’s (1965) extinction theorem, is used to explain the kinematics of the apparent proper motion anomalies for the supernova. Ritzian relativity predicts that the progenitor of SN 2006gy will eventually be found not to be the death of an extremely massive star but rather a (1913) de Sitter binary star whimsical image, and it will be an nearby neighbor to the solar system. See the online version link above to see the animations for some of the slides.
Light and Clock Behavior in the Space Generation Model of Gravitation
(2007)
Richard Benish
4243 Amazon Dr., Eugene, OR 97405 United States; rjbenish@teleport.com http://www.gravitationlab.com
General Relativity’s Schwarzschild solution describes a spherically symmetric gravitational field as an utterly static thing. The Space Generation Model describes it as an absolutely moving thing. The light propagation time-delay experiment of Shapiro- Reasenberg [1] and the falling atomic clock experiment of Vessot-Levine [2] provide the ideal context for illustrating how, though the respective world views implied by these models are radically di erent, they make nearly the same prediction for the results of these experiments.
Light speed is not constant - experiment
(2008)
António José Saraiva
R. Lar S. Jose, 14, Ilhavo, 3830-164 Portugal; ajps2@hotmail.com http://relativity.no.comunidades.net/index.php
An experiment that proves that light speed is not constant.
Local Time and the Unification of Physics
(1996)
Lance R. Fletcher
, Jersey City, NJ 07310-1578 United States; lance.fletcher@freelance-academy.org
The notions of time in the theories of Newton and Einstein are reviewed
so that the difficulty which impedes the unification of quantum mechanics (QM) and general relativity (GR) is clarified. It is seen that GR by itself contains an intrinsic difficulty relating to the definition of local clocks, as well as that GR still requires a kind of absolute that can serve as an objective reference standard. We present a new understanding of time, which gives a consistent definition of a local time associated
with each local system in a quantum mechanical way, so that it serves the requirements
of both GR as well as QM. As a consequence, QM and GR are reconciled while
preserving the current mathematical formulations of both theories.
Mainstreaming – A Personal Progress Report
(2008)
Cynthia K. Whitney
Editor Glalilean Electrodynamics, Proceedings of the NPA; Warf1002@aol.com
After 15 years of nurturing within the NPA, some of my ideas are now getting some mainstream attention. How did such a thing ever start to happen? For what it may be worth to other NPA people with similar goals, I will opine a bit on that question.
Mass, Energy, Momentum
(2008)
Diego Saa
Escuela Politecnica Nacional; www.zins.org
The author offers the interpretation that the mass is a relativistic invariant. Next it is evidenced that the formula for the momentum four-vector cannot beapplied, given the current interpretations of Physics, neither to particles nor to photons, and that the photons should have mass. Then it is proposed a postulate about the electromagnetic constitution of matter, which gets rid of these problems. Finally, the validity and applicability of the equivalence of mass and energy is evaluated and is confirmed the requirement that the constitution of mass must be electromagnetic.
Mathematical Alchemy in Physics
(2003)
Dr. Evert Jan Post
7933 Breen Ave. #Cc, Westchester, CA 90045-3357 United States; Evertpost@aol.com
There is in physics a sentiment and trust that the more perfect logical structure of mathematics can save the day for some of the not so logical conceptual leaps of modern physics. This investigation aims at a better logical balance between the two, wherever this is possible. The present account emerged in part from experiences in crystal physics, which long ago required a closer relation between physics and its mathematical description. For crystals the demands go well beyond standard needs in physics, in fact they end up gibing with those needed in differential geometry.
Physics and mathematics are so close, because the language of modern physics is primarily one of mathematics. As a result physics has developed near-magic confidence in a never ending potential of some contemporary procedures
for bringing in new harvests of results. Even after diminishing returns, more magic is attempted, yet oddly, “magic” handwritings on the wall warning about overreaching goals are not always heeded. As a result man feels as if
Nature has been leading him astray. Since no proof exists of Nature taking delight in intentionally misleading its students, it may well be closer to the truth if students of Nature were to admit to misleading one another. So, the following has become an unearthing of clues about marginal situations between physics and mathematics.
Since this is not a pursuit of a specific physics problem with lengthy calculations, no equations are displayed in this paper. They are mentioned by name instead, which is more than adequate, because all of them are well known
items in contemporary physics. Without equations and long extended deductions, more attention can be given to conceptual aspects. Since equations
referred to here all have reputations of great effectiveness in modern physics, one would be reluctant to see them change. The hard earned experiences of numerous workers in past and present plead against undue tinkering
with the intrinsic structure of well established tools. Yet everything else, specifically what exactly the tools stand for, is open to further probing. Let it be said, though, intrinsic structure may manifest itself better in suitable mathematical garb revealing its virtues.
So, while leaving the tools intact, definition domains and realms of applicability are due for major reassessments. Readers drawn to a romantic sentiment in modern physics with its pronounced element of nonclassical mystique
may well be in for an anticlimactic experience. The conceptual reassessment, as here delineated, largely does away with the many nonclassical metaphors of contemporary physics. After all, let us face the reality of life, the task
of physics always was one of resolving mysteries, not adding to them.
Mathematical Invalidity of the Lorentz Transformation in Relativity Theory
(2005)
Aleksandar Vukelja
aleksandar@masstheory.org
MATHEMATICAL PROCEDURE by which Albert Einstein derived Lorentz
transformation is incorrect. The transformation is an imaginary "solution" to a set of equations which evaluate to zero throughout the derivation process.
Author derives Lorentz transformation the way Einstein did, and shows the places where errors were made. NOTE: This document is found through search engines more often than “Triangle of Velocities”, which offers complete analysis of Lorentz transformation and mathematical proof that the transformation is based on error. The reader is encouraged to read http://www.masstheory.org/triangle_of_velocities.pdf
Mathematically Defined Speed of Light
(2005)
Frank Makinson
32679 Maverick Dr., Springville, CA 93265 United States; constant@ocsnet.net http://vip.ocsnet.net/~ancient/
The methodologies used to determine the numerical value of the speed-oflight
are limited to the precision of the instruments available and to the defined limits of the units of measurement, which are the meter and the second. A mathematical method can be used to define the numeric value for the speed-of-light using a physical science and a mathematical constant which will be independent of the meter and the second, but readily related to those units. The mathematical method will be defined relative to a physical science and a mathematical constant utilizing a trigonometric function that will exploit electromagnetic relationships. The result will be a numeric value for the speed-of-light that has nearly unlimited precision.
Methods for Visualizing Aether, Electromagnetic Waves, and All Else
(2008)
William R. Hohenberger
28970 State Route 281, Defiance, Ohio 43512; wrh@defnet.com
The Universe is neither empty nor void, but is instead filled with a single universal substance, the ‘stellar air’. Electromagnetic waves oscillate within the stellar air and can be visually described as constructs of the stellar air. Gamma rays are high frequency electromagnetic waves that compress the stellar air into quarks of liquid light at the resonant frequency of the stellar air within the Universe. Quarks are four-dimensionally shaped charge segments of a gamma ray, which combine spatially to form saturated particles of liquid light as defined by the Higgs Boson Ball. Particles combine together to form atoms, mass and matter, which possess no color but are instead fashioned from constructs of liquid light. Protons interconnect as links of a chain and can be mirrored after the electron shells. The stellar air flows through our bodies and into the Earth, causing our sense of weight and then turns into mass, or liquid light, through the process of nuclear pro-fusion and causes the Earth to grow and to expand. The physics of four-dimensional space and time, the quantum physics of nuclear particles, the structure of the nucleus of an atom, the twenty-one dimensions of string theory, the colors of electrodynamics and the color psychosomatics of the human mind can all be integrated into a single whole through the philosophy of science. Stellar air and liquid light are methods for describing pure energy.
Michelson-Morley Experiment and The Second Postulate of STR
(2000)
Dr. Vesselin C. Noninski
149 W 12th Street #3-4, New York, NY 10011 United States; vesselin.noninski@verizon.net http://philo.at/kollektion/index.php/browse/index/8?sortId=&recordsPage=16
This note discusses the fact that the Second Postulate in the Special
Theory of Relativity (STR) is an absolute statement which implicitly
acknowledges, despite the claim in [3] to the contrary, the existence of
what was known as “ether”. The stated absolute property of light to have a
“definite velocity c independent of the emitting body” implicitly requires,
especially from the point of view of the stationary observer, propagation
of light to occur in an ubiquitous absolute medium external to any system
(ether). If the outcome of the Michelson-Morley experiment is null, as is
widely accepted, then it is an experiment rejecting the Second Postulate,
respectively, disproving STR.
Minor Corrections to Science
(2008)
Mr. Pal ASIJA
7 Woonsocket Ave; Pal@OurPal.com www.OurPal.com
This paper presents a new Universal Relationships Law and proposes minor corrections to the science of such icons of science as Aristotle, Galileo, Sir Isaac Newton and even Einstein. Following examples are included.
1. Lighter Bodies Travel Faster. Aristotle got it backwards when he intuited heavier objects fall faster.
2. Faster Objects Become Lighter or conversely slower objects become heavier. Einstein and Aristotle both got it backwards when Einstein restated a corollary of Aristotle, "Heavier objects fall faster" by postulating "Faster Objects become heavier"
3. Two Minor Corrections to Newton’s First Law of Motion and a minor correction to the Universal Law of Gravitation named after him.
4. Three D or No D (Any theory based on other than 3 D is fantastic)
5. Gravity is A Local and Physical Contact Force
6. Light is never Waves and Photons at the Same Instant.
The paper concludes with the self evident inevitability of one and only one reality in here and out there.
Namespace Analysis in Evaluating the Validity of the Einstein-Lorentz Transformation Equations
(2008)
Steven Bryant
Primitive Logic, Inc, 704 Sansome Street, San Francisco CA
Namespaces are commonly used in Computer Science, with namespace problems as a leading cause of very difficult to identify programming errors. While namespaces have not been extensively used in mathematics, they can be used to describe the variables, identifiers, and components associated with mathematical functions and matrices. Namespace Analysis can be used to evaluate the validity of mathematical derivations that involve functions and matrices; can help identify the source of variable naming problems in complex derivations, and can provide insight on how the problems can be corrected. Here we use namespace analysis to evaluate multiple derivations of the Einstein-Lorentz transformation equations, revealing mathematical problems in each. We show that, in his 1905 paper, Einstein overloads the “t” variable between his global and function namespaces, while Lorentz, in his 1904 paper, overloads the “x” variable between his function and matrix namespaces. This overloaded variable problem enabled them to each produce incorrect time transformation equations. This finding of a mathematical problem in each significant Einstein-Lorentz derivation will require that the Einstein-Lorentz equations be modified and that the continued validity of Special Relativity be reexamined.
New Aspects of a Global Integration Theory
(2000)
Prof. Marius Borneas
University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
Some new aspects of a global integration theory are presented, mainly by a Lagrangean formalism. The fundamentals are outlined, then electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena are discussed. The Lagrangean with higher derivatives is decomposed, and elementary equations are derived.
New SRT, Inflowing Space, and The Resurrection of The Ether [Part 1]
(2008)
Dr. John R. Warfield
4111 North Drinkwater Boulevard, Apt. F302, Scottsdale, AZ 85251; Warf1002@aol.com
The objective of this article is to hypothesize a simple non-mathematical combined SRT/Inflowing Space Model [the later analogous to GRT] by means of three-dimensional spatial visualization. It is consistent with the majority of, nevertheless not all of the classical concepts and observations that are typically associated with Einstein’s theories. The major exceptions being that the preferred frame for the speed of light located far from any of the large masses of the universe is identical to the isotropy of the microwave background radiation, and the preferred frame for the local speed of light on the Earth’s surface is equivalent to the Earth Centered Non Rotating Inertial Fame/Earth’s gravitational field.
On the Coupling Constants in the Linear Approximation of Gravity
(2002)
William R. Koepke
Kremmling, CO United States; w_koepke@yahoo.com
Recent discoveries such as the accelerated expansion of the Universe in conjunction with the distribution of gravitational lenses, the anomalous velocity curves of galaxies, and the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10 and 11, behests one to an explanation. Here we find a new solution to Einstein’s field equations, show that because the gravitational field is not a gauge field, gravity is a continuum at all scales, and derive the conditions to uphold Galilean equivalence.
Photo-Electric Conversions: the Corpuscles in an H-Atom
(2008)
Francis V. Fernandes
(in absentia by video conference)
Kodaikanal International School, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, INDIA; vir_3000@yahoo.co.in
The true corpuscular or photon nature of an Hydrogen atom and a proton, is conclusively evinced in this paper. The ionization energy in an Hydrogen atom is observed due to pair production. In reality fusion of a Rydberg Photon with the 13.6 eV introduced photon mass produces an electron positron pair. A Rydberg photon mass is of 2.425434789 x 10^-35 kg and its radius is precisely twice Bohr’s radius. Furthermore, a mass similar to that of a proton fuses with the 9.382723128 x 10^8 eV introduced photon mass to produce an electron-positron pair. It is proven that this mass of 1.672622216 x 10^-27 kg is comprised of 6.8961747 x 10^7 Rydberg photons. Pair production substantiates the absence of an electron in the ground state of a Hydrogen atom.
Physics as a Building Project in Need of Design Review
(2008)
Cynthia K. Whitney
Editor Glalilean Electrodynamics, Proceedings of the NPA; Warf1002@aol.com
This paper develops a blueprint for the historical development of physics in general, highlighting present-day contributions from NPA participants in particular. The metaphor for physics as a building project involves a number of unwieldy building blocks in not-completely-stable relation to each other. Stresses and strains are pointed out, and redesign/rebuilding efforts are recommended.
Physics’ Major Boo-Boo of the 20th Century?
(2007)
Dr. Evert Jan Post
7933 Breen Ave. #Cc, Westchester, CA 90045-3357 United States; Evertpost@aol.com
The following is a critique of the Copenhagen single syetem interpretation of quantum mechanics, which can be advantageously replaced by an ensemble view obeying a perfectly
classical statistics.
Possible Nature of Light and other Emissions
(2008)
Neil E. Munch
402 Russell Avenue, Gaithersburg, MD 20877-2864; nemunch@cs.com
The nature of white light, per Newton’s observations with prisms and the resulting spectra, is first considered. The enormous number of colors and independence of colored light rays becomes obvious. Using Galilean concepts [1],.the large required range of wavelengths might be by met by large velocity variations within the materials surrounding the atoms emitting those light rays. Those Galilean concepts may be correct, but these do not provide applicability over the larger EM spectrum. A better and simpler solution for variation in EM wavelengths over the 16 orders of magnitude is reachable with the Bohr Model of quantum mechanics by defining Bohr’s wavelength in the emitted photon energy term as between emitted photons. Emissions from the atoms are not “..discrete wave-lengths nor …. frequencies..”, nor wavelengths within the photons. A better concept might be that the discrete photons are separated by the discrete wavelengths. If correct, this may provide a better understanding of light as well as the other emissions in the full EM spec-trum.
Problems in Special Reletivity
(2008)
Dr. Ian McCausland
2111 Lakeshore Blvd West, Apt. 1002, Toronto, Ontario M8V 4B2 Canada; imccausland@sympatico.ca
Radiacion Electromagnetica
(2007)
Zbigniew Oziewicz
UNAM, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, C.P. 54715 Cuautitlan Izcalli, Estado de Mexico C.P. 54715 Mexico; oziewicz@servidor.unam.mx
A solution of the Maxwell differential linear equations, the electric and magnetic fields, is said to be the electromagnetic radiation, if and only if there is a transport of energy, i.e. if the Poynting vector does not vanishes in no-one reference system. It is known that this is the case if and only if holds the two non-linear algebraic conditions, E.B=0, and, E^2=B^2. It is proposed to solve first the non-linear algebraic equations, and after look for solutions of the linear differential Maxwell’s equations. In this it is shown that each electromagnetic radiation needs no more than two scalar fields introduced by Robert Yamaleev in 2005. These scalar fields are conceptually different from introduced by Edward Whittaker in 1904, and are distict from Peter Debye potentials
Recent Discoveries in Physics that the Natural Philosophy Alliance (of the USA) Should Support
(2008)
Martin Müller
Esterweg 31, D-72793 Pfullingen, GERMANY
Up to 12 items of present day teachings in theoretical physics, worldwide, are reconsidered and tested as to their truth. And all of them fail to pass the test. Corrections will briefly be explained. The items are: 1) Universal creation by one “big bang”; 2) solar systems creation from ‘dark matter’; 3) circling of electrons in atoms; 4) neutron as an elementary particle, 5) the structure of neutrinos; 6) sizes of atom nuclei; 7) group velocity / delay; 8) a missing 5th Maxwell equation; 9) nuclear forces other than electromagnetism; 10 - 12) nonsense(s) taught by Heisenberg, Feynman, and Gell-Mann. Personal data about the author will be mentioned (Appendix).
Recoil Interaction Between Photons and The Electrons In The Plasma Of Intergalactic Space Leading To The Hubble Constant And CMB
(2004)
Lyndon E. Ashmore
Dubai College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; webmaster@lyndonashmore.com http://www.lyndonashmore.com
The Hubble diagram for type Ia Supernovae gives the value of the Hubble constant, H as 64±3 km/s Mpc-1, which, in SI units, is equal to ‘hre/me per cubic metre of space’ (2.1x10-18 s-1). This coincidence could suggest a relationship between H and the electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space that act collectively and oscillate if displaced. The possibility that light from distant galaxies is absorbed and reemitted by the electrons is considered with the electron recoiling on both occasions. A double Mössbauer effect leads to a redshift in the transmitted light. Introduction of the photoabsorption cross section 2reλ leads to the relationship H = 2nehre/me giving H ≈ 12 km/s Mpc-1 when ne has the reported value of ne ≈ 0.1m-3. The small amount of energy transferred to the electron by recoil is radiated as bremsstrahlung with a wavelength in the microwave region.
Reexamination of Newton’s First Law
(2008)
Mitch Emery
(in absentia by video conference)
416 W. John Street, Maumee, OH 43537; emery_mitch@yahoo.com
The purpose of this note is to question our most fundamental understanding of physics—Newton’s First Law of Motion. The law says that a body in motion tends to move in a straight line. This tendency to move in a straight line is thought to be an act of Nature, and so there is no causal explanation for it. But according to this study, the effect has a legitimate cause. It is the influence of force that persuades an object to move in a straight line. In all practical experience, any object is formed and physically bonded together by force, and so Newton’s First Law holds true. But suppose at some point in creation, matter had no real shape or form. There were no planets, and there were no stars. There was nothing but space with rotating clouds of dust and gas. It was only through time that celestial bodies were formed and bound together by gravity. However, gravity is not a true force. It is only a fictitious force. Even Einstein believed this to be so. Subsequently, celestial bodies have no real binding force from within. For this reason, celestial bodies can move about in violation to Newton’s First Law. This idea leads to a reinterpretation of general relativity theory, and still the Equivalence Principle holds true because gravity and inertia are one and the same.
Relativity groupoid instead of relativity group
(2007)
Zbigniew Oziewicz
UNAM, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, C.P. 54714 Cuautitlan Izcalli, Estado de Mexico; oziewicz@servidor.unam.mx
The Lorentz covariance and invariance are acepted to be the cornerstone of the physical theory. Observer-dependence within the relativity groupoid, and the Lorentz-covariance withinh the Lorentz relativity group, are different concepts. Laws of Physics could be observer-free, rather than to be Lorentz-invariant.
In 1908 Minkowski introduced space-like binary velocity-field of a medium, relative to an observer. Hestenes in 1974 introduced a relative velocity as a Minkowski bivector. Here we propose binary relative velocity as a traceless nilpotent endomorphism in a operator algebra. Each concept of a binary relative velocity made possible the replacement of the Lorentz relativity group by the relativity groupoid. The relativity groupoid is a category of massive bodies in mutual relative motions, where a binary relative velocity is interpreted as a categorical morphism with the associative addition. This associative addition is to be contrasted with non-associative addition of ternary relative velocities in an isometric special relativity.
We consider an algebra of many time-plus-space splits, as an operator algebra generated by observers-idempotents.
Relativity of Simultaneity, the Global Positioning System and Some Questions About Gravity
(2008)
Richard Benish
4243 Amazon Dr., Eugene, OR 97405 United States; rjbenish@teleport.com http://www.gravitationlab.com
We rarely stop to think how much our conceptions of the physical world are colored by the theories we use to describe it. In the minds of most physicists the idea of rotating and falling clocks communicating with one another by light signals will immediately evoke features of Newton’s Theory of Gravitation and Einstein’s Special and General Theories of Relativity. While acknowledging the incalculable value of these theories, we here reconsider the phenomena mentioned above, trying at every step to distinguish physical facts from theoretical facts; i.e., to distinguish concrete reality from abstraction based on reality; and to distinguish what we know from what we assume. As of course must be the case, the resulting new perspective agrees with the theories mentioned throughout the range over which they have been tested. But it also turns up a couple blindspots where feasible experiments would reveal which perspective is closer to the truth.
Resolution of the SLT-Order Paradox
(2008)
Glenn Borchardt
Progressive Science Institute, P.O. Box 5335, Berkeley, CA 94705; gborchardt@usa.net
|
